オックスフォード英語辞典は、陰謀論を「ある出来事や現象が、利害関係者による陰謀の結果として発生するという説。特に、秘密にされているが影響力を持つ機関が、(典型的には政治的な動機と抑圧的な意図で)ある説明のつかない出来事に関与しているとする信念」と定義している。そこでは、最も古い使用例として『The American Historical Review』に掲載された1909年の記事が引用されているが[32][33]、1870年4月には早くも紙面で使用されていたようである[34]。英語の conspiracy という言葉は、「共に」「一緒に」という意味のラテン語の接頭辞 con- および「呼吸する」という意味のラテン語の単語 spirare に由来している。
Robert Blaskiewiczは、この言葉の使用例は早くも19世紀に見られ、その使用法は非常に軽蔑的だったと述べている[35]。Andrew McKenzie-McHargの研究によると、19世紀における陰謀論という用語は、単に「陰謀のもっともらしい仮説を提案するもの」であり、そのような仮説は批判されることもあったが、「この段階では否定的あるいは肯定的な意味合いもなく」使用されていた[36]。Lance deHaven-Smithによると、ウォーレン委員会が調査結果を発表し、ニューヨーク・タイムズ紙が陰謀論という用語を含む記事を5つ掲載した1964年以降、この用語は米国内で日常的に使用されるようになったという[37]。
陰謀論者は、メディアにおける偽りのバランスを利用した戦略を展開することが多い。彼らは、主流派の意見を議論するのと同じ時間を費やすに値する正当な代替的視点を提示していると主張する場合がある。例えば、インテリジェント・デザインを推進しており、科学者による陰謀が自分たちの意見を抑圧していると主張する「論争を教えろ(英語版)」(英: Teach the Controversy)というキャンペーンで使用されている。ディベート形式で意見を発表する場を見つけられた場合、彼らは人身攻撃を使って主流派の説明にある欠陥を攻撃することに執着し、自分の立場の欠陥に関する議論を避ける[16]。
哲学教授であるQuassim Cassamは、陰謀論者たちは思考における欠陥(より正確には知的性格の欠如)があるために陰謀論を信じているのだと主張している。彼は、哲学者のLinda Trinkaus Zagzebskiの著書『Virtues of the Mind』を引用し、知的美徳(謙虚さ、用心深さ、慎重さなど)と知的悪徳(騙されやすさ、不注意、閉ざされた心など)を概説している。知的美徳は健全な検証に役立つが、知的悪徳は効果的で責任のある検証を妨げる。つまり、陰謀論を信じがちな人々は必要な美徳を欠いており、悪徳を有しているという[105]。
^Birchall 2006: "[W]e can appreciate conspiracy theory as a unique form of popular knowledge or interpretation, and address what this might mean for any knowledge we produce about it or how we interpret it."[57]:66
^Birchall 2006: "What we quickly discover ... is that it becomes impossible to map conspiracy theory and academic discourse onto a clear illegitimate/legitimate divide."[57]:72
^Barkun 2003: "The essence of conspiracy beliefs lies in attempts to delineate and explain evil. At their broadest, conspiracy theories 'view history as controlled by massive, demonic forces.' ... For our purposes, a conspiracy belief is the belief that an organization made up of individuals or groups was or is acting covertly to achieve a malevolent end."[92]
出典
^Issitt, Micah; Main, Carlyn (2014). Hidden Religion: The Greatest Mysteries and Symbols of the World's Religious Beliefs. ABC-CLIO. pp. 47–49. ISBN978-1-61069-478-0
^Goertzel, T (December 1994). “Belief in conspiracy theories”. Political Psychology15 (4): 731–742. doi:10.2307/3791630. JSTOR3791630."explanations for important events that involve secret plots by powerful and malevolent groups"
^"conspiracy theory". Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. September 2005. (要購読、またはイギリス公立図書館への会員加入。)"the theory that an event or phenomenon occurs as a result of a conspiracy between interested parties; spec. a belief that some covert but influential agency (typically political in motivation and oppressive in intent) is responsible for an unexplained event"
^Brotherton, Robert; French, Christopher C.; Pickering, Alan D. (2013). “Measuring Belief in Conspiracy Theories: The Generic Conspiracist Beliefs Scale”. Frontiers in Psychology4. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00279. ISSN1664-1078. PMID23734136. "A conspiracist belief can be described as ‘the unnecessary assumption of conspiracy when other explanations are more probable’."
Brotherton, Robert; French, Christopher C. (2014). “Belief in Conspiracy Theories and Susceptibility to the Conjunction Fallacy”. Applied Cognitive Psychology28 (2): 238–248. doi:10.1002/acp.2995. ISSN08884080. "A conspiracy theory can be defined as an unverified and relatively implausible allegation of conspiracy, claiming that significant events are the result of a secret plot carried out by a preternaturally sinister and powerful group of people."
Jonason, Peter Karl; March, Evita; Springer, Jordan (2019). “Belief in conspiracy theories: The predictive role of schizotypy, Machiavellianism, and primary psychopathy”. PLOS ONE14 (12): e0225964. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0225964. ISSN1932-6203. "Conspiracy theories are a subset of false beliefs, and generally implicate a malevolent force (e.g., a government body or secret society) involved in orchestrating major events or providing misinformation regarding the details of events to an unwitting public, in part of a plot towards achieving a sinister goal."
^ abKeeley, Brian L. (March 1999). “Of Conspiracy Theories”. The Journal of Philosophy96 (3): 109–126. doi:10.2307/2564659. JSTOR2564659.
^ abBarkun, Michael (2003). A Culture of Conspiracy: Apocalyptic Visions in Contemporary America. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 3–4
^ abBarkun, Michael (2011). Chasing Phantoms: Reality, Imagination, and Homeland Security Since 9/11. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. p. 10
^ abSimelela, Nono; Venter, W. D. Francois; Pillay, Yogan; Barron, Peter (2015). “A Political and Social History of HIV in South Africa”. Current HIV/AIDS Reports12 (2): 256–261. doi:10.1007/s11904-015-0259-7. ISSN1548-3568.
^ abBurton, Rosie; Giddy, Janet; Stinson, Kathryn (2015). “Prevention of mother-to-child transmission in South Africa: an ever-changing landscape”. Obstetric Medicine8 (1): 5–12. doi:10.1177/1753495X15570994. ISSN1753-495X.
^ abcFenster, Mark (2008). Conspiracy Theories: Secrecy and Power in American Culture. University of Minnesota Press; 2nd edition. ISBN978-0-8166-5494-9
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^Oxford English Dictionary Second Edition on CD-ROM (v. 4.0), Oxford University Press, 2009, s.v. 4
^Johnson, Allen (July 1909). “Reviewed Work: The Repeal of the Missouri Compromise: Its Origin and Authorship by P. Orman Ray”. The American Historical Review14 (4): 835–836. doi:10.2307/1837085. JSTOR1837085. "The claim that [David R.] Atchison was the originator of the [Missouri Compromise] repeal may be termed a recrudescence of the conspiracy theory first asserted by Colonel John A. Parker of Virginia in 1880."
^McKenzie-McHarg, Andrew (2019) "Conspiracy Theory: The Nineteenth-Century Prehistory of a Twentieth-Century Concept," pp. 78, 76. In Joseph E. Uscinski (ed) Conspiracy Theories & the People Who Believe Them. New York: Oxford University Press.
^ abcdBarkun, Michael (2016). “Conspiracy Theories as Stigmatized Knowledge”. Diogenes: 039219211666928. doi:10.1177/0392192116669288.
^Brotherton, Robert (2013). “Towards a definition of ‘conspiracy theory’”. PsyPAG Quarterly88: 9–14. http://www.psypag.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Issue-88.pdf. "A conspiracy theory is not merely one candidate explanation among other equally plausible alternatives. Rather, the label refers to a claim which runs counter to a more plausible and widely accepted account...[Conspiratorial beliefs are] invariably at odds with the mainstream consensus among scientists, historians, or other legitimate judges of the claim’s veracity."
^ abBrotherton, Robert; French, Christopher C. (2014). “Belief in Conspiracy Theories and Susceptibility to the Conjunction Fallacy”. Applied Cognitive Psychology28 (2): 238–248. doi:10.1002/acp.2995. ISSN08884080.
^ abBirchall, Clare (2006). “Cultural studies on/as conspiracy theory”. In Birchall, Clare. Knowledge goes pop from conspiracy theory to gossip. Oxford, New York: Berg. ISBN978-1-84520-143-2
^Sutton, Robbie M; Douglas, Karen M (2020). “Conspiracy theories and the conspiracy mindset: implications for political ideology”. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences34: 118–122. doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2020.02.015. ISSN23521546.
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^ abcGoreis, Andreas; Voracek, Martin (2019). “A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Psychological Research on Conspiracy Beliefs: Field Characteristics, Measurement Instruments, and Associations With Personality Traits”. Frontiers in Psychology10. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00205. ISSN1664-1078.
^ abc[[Chip Berlet |Berlet, Chip]] (September 2004). Interview: Michael Barkun. オリジナルの2 April 2009時点におけるアーカイブ。. https://web.archive.org/web/20090402214330/http://www.publiceye.org/antisemitism/nw_barkun.html2009年10月1日閲覧. "The issue of conspiracism versus rational criticism is a tough one, and some people (Jodi Dean, for example) argue that the former is simply a variety of the latter. I don't accept this, although I certainly acknowledge that there have been conspiracies. They simply don't have the attributes of almost superhuman power and cunning that conspiracists attribute to them."
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